Running costs and maintenance mobil listrik

Running costs and maintenance

The Tesla Roadster is sold in the US and Europe and has a range of 245 miles per charge.

Most of the running cost of an electric vehicle can be attributed to the maintenance and replacement of the battery pack because an electric vehicle has only around 5 moving parts in its motor, compared to a gasoline car that has hundreds of parts in its internal combustion engine.[45] Electric cars have expensive batteries that must be replaced but otherwise incur very low maintenance costs, particularly in the case of current Lithium based designs.

To calculate the cost per kilometer of an electric vehicle it is therefore necessary to assign a monetary value to the wear incurred on the battery. This can be difficult because the battery will have a slightly lower capacity each time it is charged; it is at the end of its life when the owner decides its performance is no longer acceptable. Even then an 'end of life' battery is not completely worthless as it can be re-purposed, recycled or used as a spare.

Since a battery is made of many individual cells that do not necessarily wear evenly, periodically replacing the worst of them can retain the vehicle's range.

The Tesla Roadster's very large battery pack is expected to last seven years with typical driving and costs US$12,000 when pre-purchased today.[46][47] Driving 40 miles (64 km) per day for seven years or 102,200 miles (164,500 km) leads to a battery consumption cost of US$0.1174 per 1 mile (1.6 km) or US$4.70 per 40 miles (64 km). The company Better Place provides another cost comparison as they anticipate meeting contractual obligations to deliver batteries as well as clean electricity to recharge the batteries at a total cost of US$0.08 per 1 mile (1.6 km) in 2010, US$0.04 per mile by 2015 and US$0.02 per mile by 2020.[48] 40 miles (64 km) of driving would initially cost US$3.20 and fall over time to US$0.80.

In 2010 the U.S. government estimated that a battery with a 100 miles (160 km) range would cost about US$33,000. Concerns remain about durability and longevity of the battery.[49]

Nissan estimates that the Leaf's 5 year operating cost will be US$1,800 versus US$6,000 for a gasoline car.[50] The documentary film Who Killed the Electric Car?[51] shows a comparison between the parts that require replacement in a gasoline powered cars and EV1s, with the garages stating that they bring the electric cars in every 5,000 mi (8,000 km), rotate the tires, fill the windshield washer fluid and send them back out again.

en.wikipedia.org

Kompetisi web KompaS MUda & AqUa

Ini dia, bacaan tentang : Kompetisi Web Kompas Muda & AQUA

hello pelaku internet semua,,

heii,,internet itu luas kan??? mari kita gunakan untuk hal yang berarti,, setuju???? yang agak-agak ga enak mending tinggalkan saja lah...

Naahh ini dia,, ayo ikutan = Kompetisi Web Kompas Muda & AQUA .... ini tuh keyword yang harus kalian bikin... supaya menang hadiahnya dari Aqua dan kompas tentunya...

Kalian buat tulisan mengenai air,, yang bagus (nah aku ini ga tau bagus atau tidak ya gan???)... Tulisan itu diusahakan di tempel di blog/webmu...nah web mu itu mudah-mudahan banyak pengunjungnya.... pertanyaannya saya yang newbie ini laris tidak ya???? just read my quote about water...!

MAU MINUM APA NANTI?

 Sekarang bayangkan disaat anda sedang haus.. bagaimana rasanya? belum enak sebelum nemu yang namanya air, pure water, air mineral. Lalu kalian minum, gluuk gluuk gluk... waw segarrrr... Nah kalau suatu saat minum saja sudah susah, bagaimana kita bisa hidup...? Lupakan mandi dan gosok gigi!!!!!

 Rasanya hati ini menjadi miris, karena sekarang Pemerintah maupun masyarakat awam seakan tenang-tenang saja... Oke mereka bisa beralasan Indonesia masih kaya kok sumber air di hutan dan pegunungan..." Tapi masa iya sih masyarakat perkotaan harus setega itu terhadap lingkungan sekitar...? Tapi masa iya sih SEmua pelaku bisnis air mineral itu bertanggung jawab terhadap kelangsungan mata air...? Dan apakah mereka konsekuen dengan alasan tersebut??? Hutan mau gak mau kita akui sudah menyusut.... Jadi... What must we do??? (we' disini= kita,,masyarakat ..... kalau pemerintah kita doain aja deh)...

Cara yang mungkin efektif adalah gunakan gelar S.H & S.E

>S.H

S; Sadari.....

Mari kita sadari, bahwa air itu penting... ALLAH menurunkan hujan bukan hanya untuk hujan-hujanan... Tapi lebih universalnya untuk kehidupan kita....menumbuhkan tanaman... untuk kita minum... Tinggal bagaimana kita memeliharanya. Air itu penting, air itu dibutuhkan...sadariiii itu!!! Kesadaran itu datangnya dari hati yang baik...pikirkanlah disaat dirimu jernih untuk berpikir,,bahwa air itu seyogyanya memang jernih....

H; Hindari

Hindari dirimu dari pikiran meremehkan urgensi air... Ya boleh meremehkan.... Tapi kalau diniatkan ibadah jadi gak remeh kan??? Kita dalam islam diajarkan untuk tidak berlebih-lebihan dalam menggunakan air... Hindari dari pikiran bahwa = ini weird, melelahkan dan ga penting... tapi BukA pikiran bahwa hal ini nice dan ringan....

<S.E

S; Sukai

Sukai hal-hal yang tadinya kau anggap remeh (tak kenal betul maka tak sayang,hehehe)... Sukai bahwa air yang jernih itu enak buat mandi, sukai bahwa menanam pohon di rumah itu bisa menyimpan sedikit air, sukai banwa gerakan penyelamatan lingkungan dalam sekup kecil itu mudah-mudah aja kok diterapkan.... buang sampah pada tempatnya, gunakan air secukupnya, kebersihan MCK supaya gak perlu mandi di kali, industri kecil-kecilan yang peduli terhadap limbahnya, dsb,dll,dst... Yang kita sebenarnya tahu... tinggal sukai lah,, daripada suka yang gak baik??? ya gak???  Go green!!!!!

E; Eksekusi

Ini niiiih yang paling berpengaruh... ayo lakukan tindakan sekecil apapun... Walaupun orang lain gak ada yang menghargai,, ya biarin aja....toh kita niat ibadah.... Tapi ingat,,, kita nih melakukan hal baik,,jadi berpikirlah positif aja....tenang saja,,,cool bahasa gaulnya....bawa santayyy..hehehe...lakukan lah secara bertahap... ------keUntungannya??? keuntungan yang paling besar buat kita sendiri sebenarnya....semoga kalian tahu

Swimming-ming-ming-ming!!!

Swimming is fun & fresh!!!! I like it very much… In Islam, Swimming is one of the recommended sport. There’s nothing wrong if we know and we do this sport! Oke, read my brief view about Swimming---

Swimming is a kind of sport that do in water. The benefits of the place we do this sport are :

*it’s very fresh & enjoyable! Require : pure water, not dirty water , hehehehe

*it’s very healthy… it will come out the dirt in our body

*it makes our body to feel light

*do different moves, very different than on land

*it’s very fun that we can be floating!!!!

*You won’t feel that you produce sweat

 

And many more---okay other topic… Kind of moves/styles on swimming : There are crowl, frog style, butterfly, back style, and others (maybe other names or other kinds). Learn it once or twice with someone, and I’m sure, you can improove those by yourself after that.

How about you, that have water phobia??? Don’t be afraid, try first in shallow swimming Pool… Familiarize  yourself with water! Then, try deeper, the most importance is floating nicely---you can use anyway for starting, you can find the way if you try. Do anymoves, anyacts,anystyle. After that, do the wright moves  gradually. be fun!!!

Everything need struggle, no exception with swimming. You can feel the advantages of swimming if you try to do this cheerfully--- a healthy body and a  refreshed brain!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Apple,, healthy bite for freshness!

If you want the doctor away, eat an apple a day. I love apple, so I love that words. What is apple?? how about world apple sales? why the doctrine can you trust??  these are I can share---

The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, species Malus domestica in the rose family (Rosaceae), and is a perennial. It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits, and the most widely known of the many members of genus Malus that are used by humans.

The tree originated in Western Asia, where its wild ancestor is still found today. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock.

At least 55 million tonnes of apples were grown worldwide in 2005, with a value of about $10 billion. China produced about 35% of this total. The United States is the second-leading producer, with more than 7.5% of world production. Iran is third, followed by Turkey, Russia, Italy & India.

***

The saying, "an apple a day keeps the doctor away" has some basis in fact, as apple pectin holds preventive activity in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Preliminary evidence suggests a positive relationship between lung function and consumption of five or more apples per week (Butland, et al., 2000). An inverse association may exist between lung cancer risk and foods containing quercetin, found in high concentrations in apples (Le Marchand, et al., 2000).

Apple pectin is the soluble fiber fraction of the apple fruit. Pectin comes in liquid or dried form and the source is the solid fruit residue with 10-20% pectin in the dried mass (Fleming, 2000). The pectin is extracted from the dried residue at pH 1.5-3 and at temperatures ranging from 60-100[degrees]C.

Known Medicinal Constituents

The most well-recognized and evaluated medicinal constituents found in apples include:

* Quercetin and other flavonoids
* Pectins
* Tannins
* Vitamins, especially ascorbic acid (3-30 mg/100 g)
* Fruit acids, chiefly malic acid

Indications for Use

Apples and apple pectin are indicated for use in the following health challenges:

* Impaired lung function
* Lung cancer
* Colon cancer
* Diarrhea and constipation
* Toxic accumulation and toxicity syndromes

Mechanisms of Action

It is unknown by what mechanism apples may affect lung function or lower the risk of lung cancer. It has been proposed that the antioxidant flavonoid quercetin may play a major role (Le Marchand, et al., 2000; Butland, et al., 2000). Pectins and pectin-like rhamnogalacturonans found in apples have pronounced antimutagenic effects against 1-nitropyrene induced mutagenicity in vitro (Hensel, A. and Meier, K., 1999). In vitro, pectin polysaccharides most likely interact directly with cells (Salmonella typhimurium) to sterically protect them from mutagenic attack.

As well, apple pectin decreases the incidence and number of dimethylhydrazine- and azoxymethane-induced colon tumors in rats (Ohkami, H. et al., 1995; Tazawn, K. et al., 1997; Tazawa, K. et al. 1999). It is also believed that pectin lowers [beta]-glucuronidase activity, a key enzymatic step in carcinogen activation and tumor initiation in the colon.

In the intestine, apple pectin is a bulk-forming agent similar to psyllium and prevents diarrhea and constipation by a similar mechanism. Pectin also may modify intestinal bacterial enzyme activity in favor of a reduction of toxic breakdown products in the gut (Mallett, A. K. et al., 1987). This may contribute to a chemoprotective effect in colon carcinogenesis.

Research

Apples in lung function and lung cancer

Researchers (Le Marchand, et al., 2000) found a statistically significant inverse relationship between lung cancer risk and food sources high in the isoflavone quercetin (anions and apples) after controlling for smoking and intakes of saturated fat and [beta]-carotene in a population-based, case-controlled study conducted in Hawaii (Table 1).

A long-term cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of 2512 Welshmen aged 45-59 living in Caerphilly, Wales between 1979 and 1983 found that lung function was linearly associated with dietary apple intake (Table 2) (Butland, et al., 2000).

This study additionally found that the age-related decline in lung function over five years in these men was offset by consuming five or more apples per week during the study period (Butland, et al., 2000).

So,, those all about apple,, hmm...fresh & delicious!